By Habib Aruna

“A republic, if you can keep it,”

The above were Benjamin Franklin famous and iconic words, which according to the Library of Congress, was in response to Elizabeth Willing Powel’s question about whether the new government about to be formed in the United States, was a republic or a monarchy.

This exchange occurred on September 17, 1787, after the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, when Mrs. Powel asked Franklin, “Well, Doctor, what have we got, a republic or a monarchy?” he replied succinctly, “A republic, if you can keep it”. Franklin was recorded as the oldest delegate at the convention and his response was in consonance with the idea that the success of a republic or a democratic process depends on the active participation and vigilance of its citizens to maintain it. And with few weeks to go for the world notable and biggest democratic experiment, United States, to be 250 years old, it’s indeed, quite discernible that given the many challenges that the country has faced over more than two centuries and a half, “democracy is not a destination but a journey”

So, how has Nigeria fared since the current dispensation in 1999? A democratic process that is a product of the annulment of June 12 1993 presidential election, an election adjudged to be the most credible, transparent and free and fair one in the not so enviable Nigeria’s electoral process. An election and outcome that kept reminding us that we are yet to get it right and that the ballot box is yet to be sacrosanct.

Nevertheless, Nigerians will again come out today to celebrate the winner of the June 12 presidential election, Bashorun Moshood Abiola and to mark the symbolic day that has been rightly declared Democracy Day by the Muhammadu Buhari administration.

It was a day that Nigerians came out in their millions to vote for their preferred candidate; a day that religion, tribe and other primordial considerations took a back seat and voters were determined to get it right for once, even though the process that led to the election was stained with credibility crisis. The inclement weather in some parts of the country on that day did not prevent them from coming out to queue behind their preferred candidate.

This writer voted in Kano at that time and witnessed how enthusiastic voters in that ancient city were lining behind the picture of Abiola in conformity with Professor Humphery Nwosu’s Option A4. That was the scenario painted all over the country; of a people desirous of change and putting their destiny in the hands of who they believe is capable of taking them to the Promised Land. Their hope was however cut short few days later when the military junta, led by General Badamasi Babangida shockingly annulled the election, when it was clear that Abiola was coasting to victory.

For sure, the military regime did not envisage the amount of protests and demonstrations that came in the wake of the mindless and senseless annulment. Led by pro-democracy and human rights activists like the late Gani Fawehinmi, Wole Soyinka, Femi Falana, Olisa Agbakoba, Ayo Obe, Ayo Opadokun, Shehu Sanni, the late Beko Ransome-Kuti, amongst other notable figures, Nigerians expressed their anger and reservations against annulment and vowed to make sure that the winner, Abiola is declared the winner and sworn in as president.

The protests continued until Babangida stepped aside and General Sani Abacha, the goggled and brutal dictator, took over. He was so brutal that many activists were not spared from either being imprisoned or even outrightly killed. Kudirat, wife of the winner of the election was shot in Lagos and died a few hours after. Bagauda Khalto, a journalist was not spared by the military goons and many journalists, including activists were forced to go on exile to continue the struggle against military dictatorship. It was in the midst of this crisis and attempt by Abacha to drop his khaki uniform for babaringa that he dropped dead and the country was saved from the precipice.

The military then decided to save its face by coming up with a more credible transition programme. The Abdulsalami Abubakar regime that took over from Abacha knew that Nigerians and the world will not tolerate a longer and unwarranted stay in office by the military, so he and the Armed Forces Ruling Council (AFRC) quickly organized a transition that led the country back to civilian rule. Before then, Moshood Abiola, who had been incarcerated by Abacha had died in detention, putting the Abdulsalami in a fix. Indeed, the death and the attendant effects made Abiola more popular, made him a hero of democracy and created a climate of urgency on the need to ease tension in the polity by making sure that the next president comes from the South Western part of the country.

Perhaps, it was this rush to handover that led to the failure by the military to put in place viable and enduring institutions to guide the embryonic democratic rule. There was little or no pragmatic attempt to make sure that the constitution and other working principles were put in place to protect and promote democracy which Abiola and others paid the ultimate price for. And largely because of this, the politicians that took over from the military were not those who fought for democracy. On the contrary, many of the beneficiaries were on the side of the military with some of them openly working against the validation of June 12 election results.

Since 1999 we have seen parasitic, capricious and opportunistic politicians parading the political space. Politicians who care less about the welfare and wellbeing of those they represent; politicians who want to win election by all means; politicians who circumvent the electoral process to promote their selfish interests; politicians who want to hold on to power forever, even at the detriment of their states and country; and we have seen politicians who are not bothered about the fragility of the democratic process in so far as they have their ways. The chairman of a ruling party even boasted that his party will rule the country for 50 years. Such callous and insensitive statements that have no place in a decent political environment were frequently by our politicians.

The solace however is that a day like this reminds those who occupy political positions in the country that some people laid down their lives for us to have democracy. It’s a day like this that we all remember the sacrifices made by Abiola and other patriots. The billionaire businessman would have chickened out by negotiating with the junta and smiling home with his billions, but he refused to capitulate and fought to the end. He lost his life and his businesses in the process, but his name will ring loud forever. And since we cannot act Hamlet without the Prince, we cannot equally mark June 12 without celebrating the contributions of Abiola to the current civilian rule.

This day will remain a symbolic and sacred one many decades to come and will be a veritable reminder that good deeds will always bear positive fruits. However, in the same corollary, June 12 will be a day to remember, though in a negative way, those who annulled the election. It will indeed, be a day to vilify, demonize and berate people like Babangida, Abacha and all those who collude with them in destroying the will of the people and denying them the opportunity to have a sincere and good governance. Events have since shown that IBB and his co-travelers are on the wrong side of history and their various attempts to rewrite what happened have proved abortive. Nigerians have not forgotten nor have they forgiven those who denied Abiola his mandate and ultimately refused to release him until he died in captivity.

Thus, as we again mark this all important day, the minimum demand is that our politicians must play by the rules; now that the country is facing enormous security challenge, all hands must be on deck to solve it; those at the helm should know that the country is bigger than anyone and that power is transient. And failure to build enduring democratic institutions will come back to haunt all of them.

By Festus Adedayo

Make no mistake about it: Yorubaland is encircled by terrorists. And Nigeria is today as sour as vinegar. The president’s birthplace is now a terrorist enclave. Since the Ahoro-Esinele tragedy in Oriire LG of Oyo State on May 15, a lot more blood has been spilled. Blood spillage has become, in the words of Bob Marley, a natural mystique and “many more will have to suffer; many more will have to die.” Ondo, Ekiti, Ogun, Osun have since been taking bites of their own blood. On Friday, bandits stormed the Igbosi area of Idogun in Ose Local Government Area of Ondo State. They destroyed two buildings and kidnapped a nine-year-old boy. On the whole, Nigerians can taste the bitter feel of blood in their mouths. Or see a picturesque of blood flowing on the horizon. News of violent deaths in the hands of terrorists, kidnaps for ransom and violent abductions have become daily existential realities.

Sending children to school today is risky. It is like hopping over an IED-buried land. The victory of Boko Haram terrorists, who declared war on education, against a Southwest which prides itself as beacon of education, couldn’t receive more fitting finality than now. Late last week, an unverified claim was made that terrorists keeping vigil with menacing guns over our children and their teachers inside the forest of Oyo National Park have made depressing ransom demands.

War has indeed begun. But, for the president, 2027 votes seem more precious than his people’s blood. And since, as his people say, even if one beholds a thousand heads in the marketplace, it shouldn’t be difficult to identify one’s, the people are bothered whether the president has identified his in this cadaver-counting arithmetic. The president has effectively mutated from his constitutionally-guaranteed role as actor-in-chief into a national mourner-in-chief, running a government of bereavement and weekly national condolences.

As I write this, news filtered in that terrorists have again struck Borno State, beheading soldiers and vigilante members. Like other parts of Nigeria, Southwest Nigeria is terrified. It is almost a crime to celebrate. Killings no longer make front page news. Nor the number of our countrymen sent to the graveyards. You can compare our situation to someone’s whose mother was offered as sacrifice to Yemoja, the goddess of the river, for whom smiling is an anathema. Killings by terrorists have become a roulette. Since they stormed Ahoro-Esinele and Yawota, killing a teacher, abducting 46 pupils, teachers and decapitating one, Southwest has been the proverbial cycle of conspiracies (Egbìnrìn òtè) which, as you attempt to grapple with one, a multitude spring up.

Many parts of Nigeria bear virtually all chaotic symptoms of rebel-occupied spaces in far-flung places of Africa. Anarchy is fast becoming the new normal. Indices of ungovernable Nigeria are evident.

The chaotic, violent and blood-soaked situation today in Southwest Nigeria is almost akin to that of the 19th century. According to J. F. Ade Ajayi and S. A. Akintoye, in their “Yorubaland in the Nineteenth century” published in Groundwork of Nigerian history (1980) edited by Obaro Ikime, it was the century the Binis succeeded in making incursion into Northern Yoruba towns of Owo, Akoko, Ekiti and Ikare. Between 1830 and 1850, extreme Northeastern Yorubaland towns of Oworo, Bunu, Iyagba, Owe and Ijumu had been taken over by Jihadist Fulanis. Led by the Nupe Malam Dendo, the Jihadists later made incursions into Igbomina, Akoko and northern Ekiti. Ilorin cavalry’s forays also met with huge success. The rivalry between the Ibadan and Ijaye for dominance left blood and sorrows. By 1847, highly feared Ibadan forces had occupied Ekiti, expelled the Ilorin and by 1860, spread their tentacles of dominance over it, Ijesa, Akoko, Igbomina and vast territories of Osun and Ife kingdom. The 16-year war against the Ibadan in the Kiriji war, also known as the Ekitiparapo war, was to later truncate Ibadan’s dominance.

All these led to, in the words of Ade-Ajayi in another journal article with the title, “Professional Warriors in 19th century Yoruba politics” a shift from part-time militias to professional standing armies. Leaders of the armies of Yorubaland during this troublous era were: Aare Latoosa, who commanded Ibadan forces in the Kiriji War; Balogun Oderinlo, a tactical genius who fought and decimated Fulani forces in the Osogbo War; Balogun Ogunmola, a ruthless strategist; as well as Basorun Oluyole and Balogun Ibikunle. The Kiriji war also produced Ogedengbe Agbogungboro of Ilesa, who became the supreme commander of the allied Ekiti-Parapo forces. He was renowned for his military prowess. Then, we had Fabunmi of Oke-Mesi, who was a dreaded key strategist whose beheading of an Ibadan tax administrator became the catalyst of the Ekitiparapo war; as well as Ijaye and Abeokuta (Egba) Commander Kurunmi of Ijaiye.

These militia leaders were spurred on by the collapse of the Old Oyo Empire in the same 19th-century. They became a new class of warlords who rose from the ashes of the incursions of external and internal forces into the domains of territorial powers. These militias sidestepped traditional hereditary lines and went ahead to acquire immense political power. By doing this, they fundamentally transformed the powers of Yoruba constitutional monarchies. Their military expeditions also led to a shift and reshape of Yoruba societal norms, recalibrating might to be right. As said by Ade-Ajayi, the control of violence, access to firearms, and war tactics during this time became central pillars of political authority. It led to a total militarization of the whole of Yorubaland. This pervaded the land until British colonial intervention became the sole enforcer of normalcy and peace in the late 1890s.

Another example was the Agbekoya Parapo Revolt of 1968–1969 led by Tafa Adeoye. It was a peasant revolt in the Western Region, fought and won against the Federal Government by the Ibadan, spearheaded by two villages of Akanran and Akufo.

I went into this small history to be able to situate what is playing out today. All the above militia leaders of Yorubaland were ex-bandits who became respected military Generals. Ogedengbe Agbogungboro of Ilesa was a local fearless bandit who, as a young boy, terrorized his Atori village. In 1851, he fought on the side of Ijesa against Ibadan in the Ijebu Ere (Ijebu-Jesa) war. He also fought the Igbajo war. It was in this latter war that Ibadan captured him and he became a prisoner of Basorun Ogunmola. He later transformed into a major war commander in the Kiriji war. He died in 1910 as holder of the title of Odole of Ijesaland. Fabunmi of Oke-Mesi was also a local bandit who beheaded an Ibadan Ajele named Oyepetun in retaliation for an assault on his wife.

To validate why a people who lay store by good conduct could accommodate bandits as their leaders, Yoruba validate this in a saying that weaponizes necessity as mother of invention. It is rendered as, “ojó t’áa bá pà’jùbà làá níran àdá, ojó ogun bá le làá níran omo t’ó le”. Literally, it means, it is on the day of cultivation of a virgin forest that a machete becomes a close companion, just as a moment of being besieged makes the tough son in the closet the most useful weapon of defence. By the way, Ibadan veteran broadcaster, Fresh FM’s Abolade Salami gave me this saying some years ago.

A few weeks ago, self-labeled Yoruba nation activist, Sunday Adeniyi Adeyemo, popularly known as Sunday Igboho, again hit headlines. He had earlier come into national reckoning in January 2021 when he gave a controversial seven-day ultimatum to suspected Fulani herdsmen allegedly terrorizing the Ibarapa area of Oyo State to vacate the space. Public accusation then was that these herders were behind the orgy of kidnapping and killing of local farmers in the area. He instantly hit the klieg light as a folk hero in Yorubaland. The Muhammadu Buhari government however hounded him. It led to an Operation Get Igboho which, on July 1, 2021, had a joint team of security operatives haunt him at his Soka, Ibadan, residence. The Department claimed it recovered seven AK-47 assault rifles, three Pump Action guns, 30 fully charged AK-47 magazines, 5,000 rounds of 7.62mm ammunition, and 18 Walkie-Talkies, among others, from his house. Igboho thereafter fled the country.

After being granted pardon and he returned from exile, Igboho recently announced the formation of a security outfit he called “Ìrù Ekùn Security Network”. In his words, it would collaborate with the Police, Department of State Services, Nigeria Army and other relevant stakeholders to flush out terrorists, kidnappers, bandits, and other hoodlums, who are threatening the peace and safety of the people. He also claimed to want to work with South-West governors to fortify state-backed security outfits like the Amotekun corps.

Igboho deserves kudos for the spiritual significance of his security outfit. In Yoruba Ifa corpus (Odu Ifá), Iru Ekun, literally translated to mean a leopard’s tail, is a profound verse with prophetic invocation. An Irete family of the Ifa corpus, it represents fierce protection, wealth and status, as well as wisdom and strategy. While children sang those days that the fierce eyes of the leopard are reddish and its tail stiff, “Ojú ẹkùn yí pọn, ìrù ẹkùn yí le”, Iru Ekun then means confidence, power and alert readiness. In the wild, when it confronts an assailant, the leopard, for a split second, remains calm but when it pounces on the enemy, it tears them into pieces. In praise of this strategically alert animal, the Yoruba say its calmness is not a sign of timidity, “Didake ekun, t’ojo ko”.

In the wake of the abduction of pupils and teachers at Oriire, Igboho has again come out to say he knew the politicians behind it. He said they were Tinubu haters.

Voluble, illiterate, unpretentious but bold, those who know Igboho know of his trajectory as an anvil in the hands of politicians. He is also a notorious land-grabber. The Elebu area in Ibadan has repeatedly witnessed his notoriety in this regard. However, this is not a time for recriminations. It is a time to seek ways of wiping away the caked blood of sorrow from our brows as a people and who can effectively do this. Thus, Igboho’s offer to tame insecurity in the Southwest, even claiming to be able to spread his Ìrù Ekùn’s tentacles to Kogi and Kwara States, deserves thorough examination.

Thus, that Igboho is transmuting from villainy into a people’s heroes has its historical trajectory as analyzed above. However, if the aim is for the Yoruba, through Igboho, to harvest their share of the national cake as Niger Deltans are doing with the Tantita Security Services, which claims to be protecting critical oil pipelines and gas sector installations, Igboho’s Ìrù Ekùn is all well and good. If, conversely, the aim is to provide security for the Southwest, it may be deadly in the long run. Igboho may succeed in bailing out some children from the grips of terrorists inside the Oyo National Park. Many may even die in the process. Ultimately, the end result may prove catastrophic for the people.

First is, to hand over such tremendous power to a non-state actor of Igboho’s pedigree and educational depth is dangerous. What knowledge does he have in modern warfare? A similar outing proved fatal which Nigeria has yet to recover from. Mohammed Yusuf, founder of Boko Haram, was known as provider of security cover for then Borno governor, Ali Modu Sheriff. In the 2003 elections, Sheriff reportedly provided him financial backing, government appointments and even protection. His sect, in exchange, then gave him grassroots support and protection. By 2003, the glue to the rapport came in the form of political alliance, with a deal struck to give the sect concessions. One was the release of its imprisoned members and appointment of its allies into local government offices. Yusuff however sensed betrayal and abandonment. After election and Sheriff government sought to do away with Yusuff, the bubble burst. This led to its radicalization and clashes with local security forces. The subsequent deadly 2009 uprising which later arose became a fait accompli. And Yusuff’s elimination. The whole of Nigeria is today suffering from this unholy alliance.

Second, as the Yoruba say, even when a mad person is cured of their malady, there always remains fragments within them, a moment of insanity in sanity. To give Igboho, an ally of political players, such huge security powers is potentially dangerous for the polity. The timing of the outfit is everything but right. Handing total security to a non-state actor, one who has expressed his angst at alleged persons who want to stop “our son” from being president, would be akin to arming deadly political thugs. HURIWA, the human rights group, might have had this in mind when, in its reaction to Igboho’s Ìrù Ekùn, said it would threaten national security

Third is that Ìrù Ekùn Ekun would empower other nationalities facing insurgency like the Southwest to equally demand national imprimatur for their own militia. It will be unfair not to grant them, or else it becomes an exercise in ethnic favouritism.

The president’s immediate response to the Oriire kidnap, after the tragedy of his sending a delegation to the place last Sunday, rather than his physical presence, is equally a placebo that cannot cure this national ailment. He had announced the recruitment of 1000 forest guards to be deployed to the forests, in partnership with the Oyo State government. Not only will the presidency, as usual, dilly-dally on this, no one knows the guards’ modus operandi nor when it will take off. Its effectiveness is also suspect except government veers off constitutional provisions by empowering it to carry sophisticated guns.

If, almost three weeks after 46 pupils and teachers were taken into captivity, 1000 forest guards idea is the only plausible word we have heard from government, it is frightening and disheartening. Government should confess its limitations. When a person exhibits palpable incapacity as this, Yoruba compare them to the scruffy whom they ask to confess their dirt affliction so that they could receive help. They say, “Jéwó, òbùn k’án dáso ró e”. It is apparent that government is too tame to rescue us. Could it confess?

In all, the current state of insecurity in Nigeria is the ripening of fruits of decades of neglect of security issues. A Buhari minister once openly told Nigerians that Fulani herders of all countries in Africa were free to ingress and egress into Nigeria. Current holders of power were too timid, apparently due to their eyes on power, to condemn the seeds of sorrow Buhari sowed.

The state police idea is apparently the most effective path to tread. Unfortunately, because of votes, necessity to act right politically, and in supine bow to the region where massive votes could come from, the presidency is dilly-dallying on the implementation of the lofty anti-insecurity idea. IGP Tunji Disu’s timeline implementation of 60 months equally gave indication of the peremptory approach government wanted to give the idea.

To combat guinea worm, which Yoruba call Sòbìà, native doctors found a herbal remedy in the Olúgànbe leaf. It is usually boiled and its water used to clean the ulcer. The leaves are then used as plaster on the burst worm site. So, as a tribute to the rescue that the Oluganbe leaf provides those who suffer the strike of Sòbìà, a traditional Yoruba aphorism was invented as salutation to the Oluganbe. They say, “kí Sòbìà t’ó d’egbò, Olúgànbe làá ké sí,” translated to mean, before guinea worm transmutes into a dangerous sore, Oluganbe is always called to the rescue. Beyond the strike of the Sòbìà, this wise saying has assumed a broader context as call on those who have ears, upon noticing early signals of an impending disaster, to immediately seek timely solutions to it. However, what do we do when the Oluganbe is itself the affliction? That is the complexity of the Nigerian security challenge. And Igboho’s Ìrù Ekùn.

By Olumide Iyanda

Ahead of the Invest Lagos 3.0 summit holding at Eko Hotel & Suites from June 8 to 10, Governor Babajide Sanwo-Olu is pitching Lagos as Africa’s leading destination for investment. The target is to attract about ₦4 trillion, or roughly $2.5 billion, in fresh investments into sectors ranging from infrastructure and technology to housing, agriculture and transport.

For decades, Lagos has occupied a unique position in Nigeria and Africa. It is the country’s commercial nerve centre, home to major banks, manufacturing firms, technology companies, ports and financial institutions. It is also a city whose scale and pace continue to shape conversations about urbanisation, infrastructure and economic growth on the continent.

The argument being advanced by Lagos officials is straightforward. With its population, market size, transport links and expanding infrastructure, Lagos is positioning itself not simply as Nigeria’s economic capital, but as a gateway to African business opportunities.

According to investment documents prepared ahead of the summit, Lagos contributes more than 30 per cent of Nigeria’s Gross Domestic Product and accounts for about 90 per cent of the country’s foreign trade flow. The state government also says Lagos generates about 70 per cent of its revenue internally, reducing dependence on federal allocations.

That revenue growth has become a major part of the Lagos economic story. Lagos generated more than ₦1 trillion in Internally Generated Revenue in 2025, making it the first Nigerian state to cross that threshold. The state’s formal economy has also been estimated at more than $130 billion.

Mr Sanwo-Olu recently pushed the case for Lagos during Africa Week 2026 at King’s College London in the United Kingdom. He described Lagos as a powerful symbol of Africa’s potential and an example of how sub-national governments can drive economic growth and global influence.

According to the governor, Lagos has evolved into Africa’s second-largest city economy, with an estimated Gross Domestic Product of about $259 billion on a purchasing power parity basis. He said the city has become Nigeria’s principal commercial gateway and a major destination for investment, enterprise and talent.

Sanwo-Olu noted that despite occupying a relatively small landmass within Nigeria, Lagos has grown into one of the continent’s most economically consequential urban centres. He said policy, innovation and enterprise had combined to shape not only local development but also regional and global economic conversations.

The numbers partly explain the attraction. Lagos has an estimated population of about 22 million people and remains Africa’s most populous city. Officials estimate the population could exceed 30 million within a few years, with annual growth estimated at 3.2 per cent. More than 45 per cent of Nigeria’s skilled manpower is said to reside in Lagos, while the literacy rate stands at 92 per cent.

Infrastructure remains central to the state’s investment push. Projects such as the Lekki Deep Sea Port, the Lekki Free Zone and the Dangote refinery corridor are being promoted as evidence of Lagos’ ambition to become a regional logistics and industrial hub.

The Lekki Free Zone has emerged as one of the focal points of the state’s industrial strategy. Located along the Lekki Peninsula, the zone is designed to attract manufacturing, logistics, energy and technology investments through tax incentives and infrastructure support. Officials say the area is expected to support industries ranging from automobile assembly and agro processing to tourism and real estate.

Sanwo Olu said his administration’s development philosophy since 2019 has been to treat Lagos not as a challenge to be managed but as a platform to be unlocked. He said this vision is reflected in the state’s THEMES+ agenda, which focuses on transport, health, education, technology, urban development, security and social inclusion.

Transport reform has remained a major part of that strategy. The governor pointed to the commencement of passenger operations on the Blue Line Rail and the inauguration of the Red Line Rail, alongside investments in roads, bridges, bus reforms and water transportation.

“These are not isolated projects but part of a deliberate attempt to transform how a city of Lagos’ scale functions,” he said.

The governor also listed achievements, including the delivery of more than 3,000 affordable housing units, deployment of 250 patrol vehicles for security operations and the acquisition of 62 fire trucks to strengthen emergency response services. He added that the state had invested in food security initiatives such as the Imota Rice Mill and expanded logistics systems.

Housing remains one of Lagos’ biggest economic and social challenges. State documents estimate a housing deficit of about 1.8 million units, while housing demand is projected to grow by 20 per cent annually. About 80 per cent of households are estimated to live in rented accommodation.

Technology and financial services continue to define much of modern Lagos. The city has emerged as Nigeria’s leading technology ecosystem, attracting startups, venture capital firms and multinational companies. Sanwo Olu said Lagos now hosts more than 2,000 startups and has produced five unicorns in fintech and digital commerce. The city has also been ranked among the world’s fastest-growing technology ecosystems.

The governor said Lagos’ ₦4.44 trillion budget for 2026 reflects the administration’s determination to continue investing in infrastructure, social services and economic competitiveness. He added that Lagos accounts for a significant share of Nigeria’s capital importation and internally generated revenue, arguing that a strong Lagos ultimately strengthens the national economy.

He also highlighted the growing importance of the creative economy. According to him, sectors such as music, film, fashion, design and digital content have turned Lagos into a major creative hub, with Nollywood and Nigerian musicians projecting African creativity globally.

Still, challenges remain. Traffic congestion, flooding, pressure on public infrastructure and concerns about the cost of doing business continue to affect residents and investors alike. Economic inequality also remains visible across the city, where luxury developments exist alongside overcrowded communities with limited services.

For the Lagos State Government, Invest in Lagos 3.0 is therefore more than a promotional event. It is an attempt to strengthen confidence in the city’s long-term economic direction at a time when African economies are competing aggressively for global capital.

Whether through ports, finance, technology, manufacturing or consumer markets, Lagos continues to present itself as a city too important for investors to ignore. The challenge, as always, will be balancing rapid growth with the infrastructure and governance needed to sustain it.

*Olumide Iyanda is the publisher of QEDNG and convener of the QEDNG Creative Powerhouse Summit*